All the Colors of the Internet

WordCamp New York City 2016

Beth Soderberg | @bethsoderberg

Photo by dhester at Morguefile.com

How do humans see color?

How do humans see color?

Humans don't see the same colors as one another because color is not a physical property of objects.

How do humans see color?

Color is a psychophysical property.

Color perception is the result of the spectrum of wavelengths reflected by a given object reaching our eyes, the response of the photoreceptors in our eyes, and the interpretation of that response by our brains.

How do humans see color?

Rods

All rods:

  • contain one photoreceptor
  • have the same sensitivity to wavelengths
  • respond to low light levels

How do humans see color?

Cones

Humans have three types of cones:

  • short-wavelength ("blue")
  • medium-wavelength ("green")
  • long-wavelength ("red")

How do humans see color?

Trichromatic Color Theory

Our visual system is defined by numbers that correspond to the proportional outputs of the three photoreceptor types.

Photo by svklimkin at Morguefile.com

Photo by Fir0002/Flagstaffotos via Wikipedia.com

Photo by AcrylicArtist at Morguefile.com

Color Theory

What about red, yellow, and blue?

Color Theory: Subtractive Synthesis

Opaque objects reflect all or part of the light they receive.

Color Theory: Subtractive Synthesis

If an object absorbs all light...

Photo by o0o0xmods0o0o at Morguefile.com

Color Theory: Subtractive Synthesis

If an object reflects all light...

Photo by BrandonMenth at Morguefile.com

Color Theory: Subtractive Synthesis

If an object absorbs absorbs blue and green wavelengths...

Photo by HizumiSakurai at Morguefile.com

Color Theory: Subtractive Synthesis

When we "mix" paint colors, we are mixing opaque pigments, not light.

Color Theory: Subtractive Synthesis

Pigment Colors

Primaries

  • Cyan

  • Magenta

  • Yellow

Secondaries

  • Red

  • Green

  • Blue

Color Theory: Additive Synthesis

When we "mix" light colors, we are combining wavelengths of light.

Color Theory: Additive Synthesis

Mixing pigment colors and light colors have opposite effects.

pigment and light based color mixtures

Color Theory: Additive Synthesis

Light Colors

Primaries

  • Red

  • Green

  • Blue

Secondaries

  • Cyan

  • Magenta

  • Yellow

Web designers tend to work with subtractive color palettes because these mirror the natural world that we live in.

Computers generate color using additive systems.

Screen-Based Color Models

Web Safe Colors

216 colors were identified as "web safe" at the time when computer monitors were limited to 256 colors.

Screen-Based Color Models: Hex

Hex Colors

Format

Screen-Based Color Models: Hex

Hex Colors

Values

  • Each digit can range from 0 to f, with 0 being the lowest value, and f being the highest value.
  • 16.7 million potential combinations

Screen-Based Color Models: Hex

  • #000000

  • #000011

  • #000022

  • #000033

  • #000044

  • #000055

  • #000066

  • #000077

  • #000088

  • #000099

  • #0000AA

  • #0000BB

  • #0000CC

  • #0000DD

  • #0000EE

  • #0000FF

Screen-Based Color Models: RGB

RGB Colors

Format

Screen-Based Color Models: RGB

RGB Colors

Values

  • Each digit can range from 0 to 255, with 0 being the lowest value, and 255 being the highest value.
  • 16.7 million potential combinations

Screen-Based Color Models: RGBA

Don't forget RGBA!

Part of what makes the RGB color model awesome is the ability to add an alpha channel, which controls opacity (in IE9 and up).

Format

Screen-Based Color Models: RGBA

RGBA Colors

Values

  • RGB values follow the same rules as regular RGB.
  • Alpha values can be a value between 0 and 1 or a percentage between 0% and 100%, with 0/0% being fully transparent and 1/100% being fully opaque.

Screen-Based Color Models: RGB

  • rgb(0,0,0)

  • rgb(0,0,17)

  • rgb(0,0,34)

  • rgb(0,0,51)

  • rgb(0,0,68)

  • rgb(0,0,85)

  • rgb(0,0,102)

  • rgb(0,0,119)

  • rgb(0,0,136)

  • rgb(0,0,153)

  • rgb(0,0,170)

  • rgb(0,0,187)

  • rgb(0,0,204)

  • rgb(0,0,221)

  • rgb(0,0,238)

  • rgb(0,0,255)

Screen-Based Color Models: HSL

HSL Colors

Format

Screen-Based Color Models: HSL

HSLA Colors

Format

Screen-Based Color Models: HSL

HSL Colors

Values

  • Hue: degree ranging from 0 to 360
  • Saturation: percentage from 0% to 100% with 0% being fully desaturated and 100% being fully saturated
  • Lightness: percentage from 0% to 100% with 0% being black and 100% being white
  • Alpha Channel: value between 0 and 1 or a percentage between 0% and 100%, with 0/0% being fully transparent and 1/100% being fully opaque

Screen-Based Color Models: HSL

HSL Colors

HSL color model graphic

Screen-Based Color Models: HSL

HSL Colors

hue distribution

Saturation

Lightness

Screen-Based Color Models: HSL

HSL Colors

color picker from PhotoShop

Print-Based Color Models

What about non-web color formats?

Print-Based Color Models

Not all screen colors can be printed and not all print colors can be displayed on a screen.

Print-Based Color Models

spectrum of colors available using different color models

Print-Based Color Models

CMYK

CMYK printing is based off the concept of spot colors: cyan, magenta, yellow, black. Spot color values range from 0% to 100%.

Conversion Tools

  • Color picker in Photoshop or Illustrator
  • Online conversion tool like Rapid Tables

Print-Based Color Models

Pantone

Pantone is a proprietary color model where color mixes are generated using thirteen specific spot color pigments and black.

Conversion Tools

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines: Color

Principle 1: Perceivable

"Information and user interface components must be presentable to users in ways they can perceive."

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines: Color

Guideline 1.4: Distinguishable

"Make it easier for users to see and hear content including separating foreground from background."

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines: Color

Guideline 1.4.1: Use of Color

"Color is not used as the only visual means of conveying information, indicating an action, prompting a response, or distinguishing a visual element. (Level A)"

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines: Color

screenshot of dots game

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines: Color

screenshot of dots game

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines: Color

inaccessible line graph

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines: Color

inaccessible line graph

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines: Color

inaccessible pie chart

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines: Color

inaccessible pie chart

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines: Color

inaccessible form

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines: Color

accessible form

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines: Color

more accessible form

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines: Contrast

Guideline 1.4.3 Contrast (Minimum)

"The visual presentation of text and images of text has a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1, except for the following: (Level AA)"

  • Large Text: "Large-scale text and images of large-scale text have a contrast ratio of at least 3:1."
  • Incidental: "Text or images of text that are part of an inactive user interface component, that are pure decoration, that are not visible to anyone, or that are part of a picture that contains significant other visual content, have no contrast requirement."
  • Logotypes: "Text that is part of a logo or brand name has no minimum contrast requirement."

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines: Contrast

WCAG Guideline 1.4.6 Contrast (Enhanced)

"The visual presentation of text and images of text has a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1, except for the following: (Level AA)"

  • Large Text: "Large-scale text and images of large-scale text have a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1;"
  • Incidental
  • Logotypes

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines: Contrast

Normal Text

  • less than 18 point (approximately 24px)
  • between 14 point (approximately 18.66px) and 18 point and regular weight

Large Text

  • 14 point and bold or larger
  • 18 point and larger

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines: Contrast

  • "Digital design is like painting, except the paint never dries."
    — Neville Brody
  • "Digital design is like painting, except the paint never dries."
    — Neville Brody

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines

Tools to Test Color Accessibility

Tools to Test Contrast Accessibility

Ok...so what colors should I use?

Choosing Colors

Complementary vs. Triadic vs. Split Complementary vs. Analogous

  • Color Wheel

    color wheel

  • Complementary

    complimentary colors

  • Triadic

    triadic colors

  • Split Complementary

    split complementary colors

  • Analogous

    analagous colors

Choosing Colors

But...have you ever seen a website that looks good and has only these colors?

Choosing Colors

Color Palette Guidelines

Choose:

  • a base color
  • an accent color
  • a super light neutral
  • a super dark neutral
  • a mid-level intensity neutral

Choosing Colors

  • #5DBA3B

  • #AC4CC1

  • #ffffff

  • #081105

  • #939E98

Choosing Colors

Tools to Choose Colors

Choosing Colors

Utilize color to maximize conversion.

Choosing Colors

Use accent colors to draw attention.

Choosing Colors

Test continually!

Choosing Colors

There is an evolutionary basis for the psychological responses we have to color.

Always remember: perception of color is personal!

Where to Learn More

Articles and Resources

CMYK Conversion Tools

  • Color picker in Photoshop or Illustrator
  • Online conversion tool like Rapid Tables

Pantone Conversion Tools

Tools to Test Color Accessibility

Tools to Test Contrast Accessibility

Tools to Choose Colors

Thank you!

@bethsoderberg

bethsoderberg.com

http://bethsoderberg.com/slides/2016/wordcamp-nyc/index.html#/